Inside-out and standard vein grafts associated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in sciatic nerve repair. A histomorphometric study

Abstract Purpose: To evaluated the tubulization technique with standard and inside-out vein, filled or not with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in sciatic nerve repair. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: IOVNF (Inside-Out Vein with No Filling); IOVPRP (Inside-Out Vein filled with PRP); SVNF (Standard Vein with No Filling); SVPRP (Standard Vein filled with PRP); Sham (Control). The left external jugular vein was used as graft in a 10 mm nervous gap. Results: In the morphological analysis of all groups, myelinated nerve fibers with evident myelin sheath, neoformation of the epineurium and perineurium, organization of intraneural fascicles and blood vessels were observed. In the morphometry of the distal stump fibers, SVPRP group had the highest means regarding fiber diameter (3.63±0.42 μm), axon diameter (2.37±0.31 μm) and myelin sheath area (11.70±0.84 μm2). IOVPRP group had the highest means regarding axon area (4.39±1.16 μm2) and myelin sheath thickness (0.80±0.19 μm). As for values of the fiber area, IOVNF group shows highest means (15.54±0.67 μm2), but are still lower than the values of the Sham group. Conclusion: The graft filled with platelet-rich plasma, with use standard (SVPRP) or inside-out vein (IOVPRP), promoted the improvement in axonal regeneration on sciatic nerve injury.

Comparative study between standard and inside-out vein graft techniques on sciatic nerve repair of rats. Muscular and functional analysis

Abstract Purpose: To compare the functional result of standart vein grafts and inside-out vein graft technique on sciatic nerve repair. Methods: We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control group (CG), standard vein graft group (SVG), Inside-out vein graft group (IOVG) and denervated Group (DG). SVG, IOVG and DG underwent total section of the sciatic nerve, SVG and IOVG however underwent nerve repair surgery using a graft with normal jugular vein and inside-out jugular vein, respectively. Histological analysis of the soleus and Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL), and Sciatic Functional Index were used to compare the results after 6 weeks. Results: Both grafts acted favorably in muscle recovery and improved functionality; They were similar in all parameters, however, in more points SVG achieved similar to the CG, in the other hand IOVG more times was similar to DG. Fact that makes the graft with normal vein the most viable option between the two options. Conclusion: Both types of grafts acted beneficially wherein the graft normal vein has proved to be the best option

Ipsilateral supplementary lateral incisors: a case report

Supernumerary teeth are one of the dental anomalies which occur due to the developmental disturbances in teeth. They can be seen in various shape and form. They can occur in both the deciduous and permanent dentition and can impose aesthetic and occlusion problems. Morphologically the supernumerary teeth exhibit various forms ranging from conical to tuberculate and supplemental types. Supplemental teeth as the name suggests are similar in shape to that of the normal prototype. In this particular case, we are reporting a case of ipsilateral supplemental permanent lateral incisors and the treatment approach which would subsequently facilitate the patient to undergo orthodontic treatment.

Multidisciplinary approach in the teaching of dental sculpture and anatomy / Enfoque multidisciplinario para la enseñanza de escultura y anatomía dental

The purpose of the Dental Sculpture and Anatomy discipline is to introduce undergraduate students to the study of the anatomic and morphological characteristics of permanent and primary human dentition, through classes, books and cognitive and psychomotor activities. This discipline supports the teaching of specific knowledge necessary for a more extensive education, involving interdisciplinarity as a means of knowledge exchange among several areas of dentistry, to achieve comprehensive professional education. Students must recognize the dental morphology from samples of preserved teeth, and reproduce the morphology through three-dimensional models made of stone or wax blocks. In this article, the authors describe the process for producing teeth collars and macro dental models made of stone, their importance and benefits of utilization. The purpose of the study was to encourage the teaching of Dental Sculpture and Anatomy toundergraduate students of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, through activities that would associate theory, practice and the development of manual skills.

El propósito de la disciplina sobre escultura y anatomía de dientes es introducir a los estudiantes de pregrado para el estudio de las características anatómicas y morfológicas de la dentición humana permanente y primaria, a través de clases, libros y actividades cognitivas y psicomotoras. Esta disciplina se fundamenta en la enseñanza de conocimientos específicos necesarios para una educación más amplia, que implica la interdisciplinariedad como medio de intercambio de conocimientos entre diferentes áreas en odontología, y de esa forma, lograr una enseñanza profesional integral. Los estudiantes deben identificar la morfología dental a partir de dientes conservados, además de reproducir la morfología a través de modelos tridimensionales elaborados con bloques de yeso tipo piedra o cera. En este estudio, los autores describen el proceso para la producción de collares de dientes y macro modelos dentales hechos de yeso tipo piedra, su importancia y los beneficios de su utilización. El propósito del estudio fue incentivar la enseñanza de la escultura y anatomía dental a los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Odontología de Bauru, Universidad de São Paulo, a través de actividades que asocian la teoría, práctica y desarrollo de habilidades manuales.

Ozone Therapy in Dentistry: A Systematic Review / Ozonoterapia en Odontología: Una Revisión Sistemática

The purpose of this systematic review was to verify the literature available regarding the effectiveness and the biological effects of ozone therapy in periodontics, orthodontics and dental implants. Studies were searched in September 2012. Analyzed sources included the databases PubMed, Lilacs and SciELO, through a combination of key words, dental implants, periodontics, orthodontics, therapeutics. Studies between 2002 and 2012 were included. In vitro and in vivo studies English and Spanish language publications, excluding posters, letters to the editors and conferences. In Vitro and in Vivo studies showed the inactivation of the major periodontal pathogens by ozone. There were divergent results and lack of evidence for the activity of ozone on adhesion of orthodontic brackets, in implantology and orthodontics. Ozone could be considered as a promissory alternative therapy in dentistry. However, well-designed studies are needed to assess the application of ozone in order to evaluate its clinical effectiveness in the field of dentistry.

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue verificar la literatura disponible relacionada a la efectividad y efectos biológicos de la ozonoterapia en periodoncia, ortodoncia e implantes dentales. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en septiembre del 2012 en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS and SciELO por medio de la combinación de las palabras clave dental implants, periodontics, orthodontics, therapeutics. Se evaluaron los artículos publicados entre los años 2002 y 2012. Fueron incluidos estudios In vitro e in vivo y publicaciones en Inglés y Español, excluyendo pósters, carta al editor y conferencias. Estudios in vitro e in vivo mostraron inactivación de los principales patógenos periodontais con el uso del ozono. Hubo resultados contradictorios y falta de evidencia sobre la acción del ozono en la adhesión de los brackets ortodónticos, así como también en la osteointegración de los implantes dentales. El ozono puede ser considerado como una terapia alternativa promisoria en la Odontología. Sin embargo, es necesaria la realización de estudios bien diseñados para, de ese modo, evaluar la aplicación del ozono y su efectividad clínica en el campo de la Odontología.

Anatomical, clinical and radiographic characteristics of styloid syndrome (Eagle syndrome): a case report / Características anatómicas, clínicas y radiográficas del síndrome Estiloide (síndrome de Eagle): un caso clínico

Styloid syndrome is characterized by an elongated styloid process or calcification of the stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligament. This study describes a case of a 65-year-old woman who presented to the Stomatology Clinic, University of Marilia with temporomandibular joint pain, ear ringing and a reduced ability to open the mouth. Panoramic and posteroanterior digital radiographs showed bilateral elongation of the styloid processes, especially of the right side, whose length extended beyond the mandible angle. The diagnosis was confirmed with the association of clinical data and image examinations. The treatment options for styloid Syndrome include clinical follow-up, surgical removal of the styloid process or fracture of the elongated process. The case was managed by providing prosthetic rehabilitation and clinical follow-up, observing the level of discomfort and the benefit that could be achieved by the therapy, and avoiding surgical intervention.

El síndrome estilode (Síndrome de Eagle) se caracteriza por un proceso estiloides alargado o calcificación de los ligamentos estilohioideo y estilomandibular. Este estudio describe el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad que concurrió a la Clínica Estomatológica de la Universidad de Marilia con dolor de la articulación temporomandibular, zumbido en los oídos y una disminución de la capacidad de abrir la boca. Las radiografías digitales panorámica y posteroanterior mostraron alargamiento bilateral de los procesos estiloides, especialmente del lado derecho, cuya longitud se extendió más allá del ángulo de la mandíbula. El diagnóstico se confirmó con la asociación de los datos clínicos y los exámenes de imagen. Las opciones de tratamiento para el síndrome estiloide incluyen el seguimiento clínico, la extirpación quirúrgica del proceso estiloides o la fractura del proceso alargado. El caso fue tratado con rehabilitación protésica y seguimiento clínico, observando el nivel de molestia y el beneficio que se podría lograr mediante la terapia, evitando la intervención quirúrgica.

Bovine bone matrix action associated with morphogenetic protein in bone defects in rats submitted to alcoholism / Acción de la matriz ósea bovina asociada a la proteína morfogenéticaen defectos óseos en ratones sometidos a alcoholismo

Extended excessive alcohol use causes changes in bone tissue, thus affecting osteogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate if demineralized bone matrix (Gen-ox®) associated with bone morphogenetic protein (Gen-pro®) changes bone neoformation in rats submitted to experimental alcoholism. Forty male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were separated into 2 groups of 20 animals each: Group E1, which received ethyl alcohol at 25 percent and had the surgical cavity filled in only with blood clot; and Group E2, which received ethyl alcohol at 25 percent and had the surgical cavity filled in with demineralized bovine cortical bone associated with bone morphogenetic protein. The animals were submitted to a three-week period of gradual adaptation to alcohol, and then continued receiving alcohol at 25 percent for 90 days, when the surgical cavity was made. After the surgery, the animals continued consuming alcohol until reaching the sacrifice periods of 10, 20, 40, and 60 days, when the tibias were removed for histological processing. Results showed that surgical cavity repair and bone marrow reorganization occurred faster in Group E1 than in Group E2. At the end of the experiment, it was observed that animals in Group E2 had thick bony trabeculae surrounding the implanted material particles and a small area of connective tissue in the surface region. In conclusion, the implanted material did not accelerate bone neoformation, rather it served as a structure for osteogenesis.

El abuso prolongado del alcohol produce alteraciones en el tejido óseo, interfiriendo en el proceso de la osteogénesis. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si la matriz ósea bovina desmineralizada (Gen-ox®) asociada a la proteína morfogenética ósea (Gen-pro®) altera la neoformación ósea en ratones sometidos a alcoholismo experimental. Fueron utilizados 40 ratones machos (Rattus norvegicus), separados en dos grupos de 20 animales cada uno: Grupo E1, que recibió alcohol etílico a 25 por ciento con cavidad quirúrgica rellenada solamente por coágulo sanguíneo, y Grupo E2, que recibió sólo alcohol etílico a 25 por ciento con cavidad quirúrgica rellenada con hueso bovino desmineralizado cortical asociado a proteína morfogenética ósea. Después de 3 semanas de adaptación gradual al alcohol, los animales continuaron recibiéndolo en concentración de 25 por ciento por 90 días, cuando fue realizada la cavidad quirúrgica. Luego de la cirugía, los animales continuaron la ingestión alcohólica hasta los períodos de sacrificio de 10, 20, 40 y 60 días, cuando las tibias fueron removidas para su procesamiento histológico. Los resultados mostraron que en el Grupo E1 hubo reparación de la cavidad quirúrgica y reorganización de la médula ósea en un menor lapso temporal que en el Grupo E2. En el período final del experimento, se observó en los animales del Grupo E2 la presencia de trabéculas óseas espesas alrededor de las partículas de material implantado y pequeña área de tejido conjuntivo en la región superficial. Se puede concluir en que el material implantado no aceleró el proceso de neoformación ósea, sirviendo como estructura de base para generar osteogénesis.

Protocolo de avaliação do frênulo da língua em bebês / Tongue frenulum evaluation protocol in babies

OBJETIVO: apresentar uma proposta de protocolo de avaliação do frênulo da língua em bebês com escores. MÉTODO: inicialmente foi realizada uma revisão da literatura relacionada, consultando as bases de dados Web of Science, Pubmed, Embase, All Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews e Scielo, bem como livros textos das áreas de anatomia, odontopediatria e fonoaudiologia. Todos os aspectos julgados relevantes nos trabalhos encontrados foram incluídos na versão inicial, que foi submetida à avaliação de três fonoaudiólogas especialistas em motricidade orofacial, sendo obtida a versão consenso, que foi aplicada em 10 bebês nascidos a termo buscando verificar a exequibilidade do instrumento. RESULTADOS: com base na literatura consultada e no estudo piloto, foi elaborado o protocolo de avaliação do frênulo da língua em bebês. A primeira parte é composta por história clínica contendo questões gerais de identificação e questões específicas sobre antecedentes familiais e amamentação. A segunda parte é composta pelo exame clínico, constituído de avaliação anatomofuncional e avaliação das funções orofaciais. CONCLUSÕES: o protocolo de avaliação do frênulo da língua em bebês foi desenvolvido a partir de uma proposta teórica e depende de sua aplicabilidade para se configurar como um teste validado. Espera-se que o mesmo possa auxiliar os profissionais da saúde a avaliar e diagnosticar as variações anatômicas do frênulo e sua possível interferência na amamentação, norteando condutas eficazes e promovendo uma prática baseada em evidências. A segunda fase deste trabalho deve compreender a pesquisa experimental e a análise estatística dos dados.

PURPOSE: to present a protocol proposal to evaluate the lingual frenum in babies with scores. METHOD: initially was performed a review of the literature, referring to the databases Web of Science, Pubmed, Embase, All Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews and Scielo as well as textbooks in the areas of Anatomy, Pediatric Dentistry and Language and Hearing Sciences. All aspects considered relevant were included in the work found in the initial release, which was assessed on three Speech Language Pathologists specialist in Orofacial Myology, obtaining the consensus version, which was applied in 10 term infants to verify the applicability of the instrument. RESULTS: based on literature and the pilot study, the protocol was designed to evaluate the lingual frenum in infants. The first part consists of the clinical history containing general questions of identification and specific questions about family history and breastfeeding. The second part is composed by clinical examination, that consists of anatomofunctional evaluation and evaluation of orofacial functions. CONCLUSIONS: the evaluation protocol of the frenum of the tongue in infants has been developed from a theoretical proposal and depends on its applicability to be configured as validated test. It is hoped that it may help health professionals to assess and diagnose the anatomical variations of the frenum and its possible interference with breast feeding, guiding and promoting effective conduct an evidence-based practice.The second phase of this work will be the experimental research and statistical analysis.

Anesthetic technique for inferior alveolar nerve block: a new approach

BACKGROUND: Effective pain control in Dentistry may be achieved by local anesthetic techniques. The success of the anesthetic technique in mandibular structures depends on the proximity of the needle tip to the mandibular foramen at the moment of anesthetic injection into the pterygomandibular region. Two techniques are available to reach the inferior alveolar nerve where it enters the mandibular canal, namely indirect and direct; these techniques differ in the number of movements required. Data demonstrate that the indirect technique is considered ineffective in 15 percent of cases and the direct technique in 13-29 percent of cases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe an alternative technique for inferior alveolar nerve block using several anatomical points for reference, simplifying the procedure and enabling greater success and a more rapid learning curve. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 193 mandibles (146 with permanent dentition and 47 with primary dentition) from dry skulls were used to establish a relationship between the teeth and the mandibular foramen. By using two wires, the first passing through the mesiobuccal groove and middle point of the mesial slope of the distolingual cusp of the primary second molar or permanent first molar (right side), and the second following the oclusal plane (left side), a line can be achieved whose projection coincides with the left mandibular foramen. RESULTS: The obtained data showed correlation in 82.88 percent of cases using the permanent first molar, and in 93.62 percent of cases using the primary second molar. CONCLUSION: This method is potentially effective for inferior alveolar nerve block, especially in Pediatric Dentistry.

Deslocamento axial de fluido em capilar de vidro, após a reação intracoronária de diversos agentes clareadores / Axial displacement of fluid in glass capillary after intracoronary reaction of several bleaching agents

Introdução e objetivo: Buscou-se quantificar, indiretamente, a liberaçãode oxigênio após a reação química intracoronária, por deslocamentoaxial de fluido em capilares de vidro, adaptados em coroas dentárias.Material e métodos: Coroas bovinas foram acessadas, e foi executadoo tampão cervical e posicionado um capilar de vidro na face externavestibular, contendo um veículo oleoso. Na sequência, foram preparadasquatro associações de clareadores e colocadas em seu interior: G1? perborato de sódio e peróxido de hidrogênio a 3%; G2 ? perborato de sódio e água; G3 ? associação de percarbonato de sódio e peróxidode hidrogênio a 3%; G4 ? associação de percarbonato de sódio eágua destilada. Após serem mantidas por 24 horas, quantificou-se odeslocamento axial do fluido, interpretado como liberação de oxigêniopela reação química. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram umatendência das associações com o peróxido de hidrogênio em promovermaior liberação de oxigênio. Entretanto não houve diferença entre operborato de sódio e o percarbonato de sódio (p > 0,05). Conclusão:Os grupos experimentais não demonstraram diferenças entre si duranteas 24 horas de reação química.

Objective: To indirectly quantify the release of oxygen after intracoronarychemical reaction, by axial displacement of fluid in glass capillariesarranged in dental crowns. Material and methods: Bovine crownswere accessed, the cervical plug was executed and a glass capillarywas placed in the vestibular external face, containing an oily vehicle.Following that, four associations of bleaching were prepared and placedin its interior: G1 ? sodium perborate and hydrogen peroxide 3%; G2? sodium perborate and water, G3 ? sodium percarbonate and hydrogenperoxide 3%; G4 ? sodium percarbonate and distilled water. After beingkept for 24 hours, the axial displacement of the fluid was quantifiedand interpreted as the release of oxygen by the chemical reaction.Results: The results showed a trend of the associations with hydrogenperoxide to promote the release of more oxygen. However, there wasno difference between sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate(p > 0.05). Conclusion: The experimental groups showed no differencesbetween them during the 24 hours of chemical reaction.

Morphological study of myoneural interaction between the levator labii superioris muscle and its motor nerve in rats / Estudio morfológico de la interacción mioneural entre el músculo elevador del labio superior y su nervio motor en ratas

The progress of science in search of new techniques of the nerve regeneration and the functional repair in reinnervated muscle has been the target of many researchers around the world. Consequently, nerves and muscles in different body segments asked for more enlightenment of their morphology, their interrelation with other anatomic structures and their peculiarities. One of the most significant areas that need deeper studies is the region of the head and neck, since they are often affected by important pathologies. In order to offer the researcher's community a morphological myoneural interaction model, this study elected the levator labii superioris muscle and its motor nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII pair) not only for its special characteristics, but also its value on the facial expression. The rat was chosen for this investigation for being easy to obtain, to keep, to manipulate and to compare this experiment with many others studies previously published. The techniques used were Mesoscopic (dissection), histoenzymologic and morphometric ones.In the results the muscle proved to have a predominance of fast twich fibers (FG and FOG) and superficial location, with a proximal bone and a distal cutaneous insertion. Its motor nerve, the buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII pair), breaks through the muscle belly into its deep face, and comprised a heterogeneous group of myelinic nerve fibers disposed in a regular form in all fascicle. Near the motor point, the nerve showed to be composed of two fascicles with different sizes. Due to the small nerve dimensions, the nerve fibers have a smaller diameter if compared to the motor nerve of pectineus muscle of the cat. Further studies with neural tracers have already had a start in order to provide more information about the distribution and the architecture of these fibers.

El progreso de la ciencia en busca de nuevas técnicas para la regeneración neural y la recuperación funcional de los músculos reinervados, ha atraído el interés de muchos investigadores en todo el mundo. En consecuencia, los músculos y los nervios merecen más aclaraciones sobre su morfología, relaciones anatómicas y particularidades. Entre las áreas que merecen estudios más profundos y detallados, está la región de cabeza y cuello, que es a menudo afectada por enfermedades graves. Con el propósito de ofrecer a la comunidad científica un modelo morfológico de interacción mioneural, se eligió el músculo elevador del labio superior y su nervio motor, la rama bucal del nervio facial (VII par craneal), por sus especiales características y su importancia en la expresión facial. En esta investigación se optó por la rata, por las facilidades de obtención, de manejo y para comparar los datos obtenidos con estudios previos. Se utilizaron técnicas mesoscópicas de disección, histoenzimológicas y morfométricas. Los resultados mostraron un músculo con predominio de fibras de contracción rápida (FG y FOG), ubicación superficial, inserción proximal ósea e inserción distal en la piel. Su nervio motor, la rama bucal del nervio facial, ingresa en el vientre muscular en la cara profunda, y está compuesto por un grupo heterogéneo de fibras nerviosas mielínicas dispuestas de forma regular por todo el fascículo nervioso cerca del punto motor. El nervio es formado por dos fascículos de diferentes tamaños. Debido a las pequeñas dimensiones en la rata, el diámetro de las fibras nerviosas presenta valores reducidos, en comparación con el nervio motor del músculo pectíneo en el gato, por ejemplo. Los datos aportados podrán ser usados como referencia en estudios de regeneración en nervios y músculos. Otros estudios con marcadores neuronales se iniciaron para aclarar la distribución y la estructura de las fibras mencionadas.

Anatomy of the facial nerve and its implication in the surgical procedures / Anatomía del nervio facial y sus implicancias en los procedimientos quirúrgicos

Facial palsy, parotid diseases and others are a relatively common clinical condition with a variety of causes. Irrespective of its etiology, facial palsy always represents a very serious problem for the patient. Parotid gland diseases also are very common occurrence. In this particular case, the knowledge of surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and its correlations with the parotid gland is very important for an adequate preservation in the cases of surgery of benign and malignant diseases of the parotid gland. Although the surgical anatomy of the facial nerve has been well documented, the concept of surgical treatment for parotid tumors, facial palsy (neurorraphy techniques) and submandibular surgical approach are rarely challenged now.

La parálisis facial, enfermedades de la parótida y otras patologías son una condición clínica relativamente común con una variedad de causas. Independientemente de su etiología, la parálisis facial siempre representa un problema muy serio para el paciente. Las enfermedades de la glándula parótida son también de una ocurrencia común. En este caso particular, el conocimiento de la anatomía quirúrgica del nervio facial y su correlación con la glándula parótida es de mucha importancia para una adecuada preservación de la misma, en casos de cirugía como tratamiento de enfermedades benignas o malignas. Aunque la anatomía quirúrgica del nervio facial es bien documentada, el concepto de tratamiento quirúrgico para los tumores parotídeos, parálisis facial (técnicas de neurorrafia) y acercamiento quirúrgico submandibular son raramente impugnados hoy en día.

Efeitos de 03 dietas alcoólicas na reparação óssea em tíbia de ratos / Effects of three alcoholic diets on the bone repair in the tibia of rats

Os efeitos do uso abusivo e prolongado do álcool sobre vários tecidos, incluindo o ósseo, têm sido amplamente estudados. A quantidade de defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente e pelos vários tipos de acidentes tem aumentado e existe uma preocupação muito grande quanto ao reparo desses defeitos, associados ao alcoolismo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de observar histologicamente os efeitos de 03 dietas alcoólicas na reparação óssea e se o aumento da concentração do álcool também interfere neste fenômeno. Foram utilizados 64 ratos machos (Rattus norvegicus), divididos em 4 grupos de 16 animais cada, assim distribuídos: Grupo controle (C) – animais que não receberam álcool; Grupos Experimentais I, II e III (EI, EII e EIII, respectivamente) - animais que foram submetidos à alcoolização de 6%, 15% e 25% respectivamente, por um período de 90 dias. Após este período a tíbia esquerda de todos os animais foi submetida a uma cirurgia onde se realizou uma cavidade no sentido longitudinal. Quatro animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados em períodos de 10, 20, 40 e 60 dias contados a partir do dia da cirurgia experimental. As tíbias foram retiradas, processadas histologicamente e submetidas às colorações de HE e tricrômico de Masson. Os resultados mostraram que a neoformação óssea foi decrescente de acordo com o aumento da concentração alcoólica e pode-se concluir que as 03 dietas alcoólicas (6%, 15% e 25%) influenciam a neoformação óssea em todas as suas fases, retardando o processo de reparação óssea.

The effects of long-term alcohol abuse on several tissues, including bone, have been extensively studied. Considering the increase in occurrence of bone defects caused by trauma or even created for surgical purposes, the putative influence of alcoholism on bone healing has been a matter of growing concern. The aim of the present study was to assess histologically the effects of three schemes of alcohol intake at different concentrations on bone repair. 64 male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were assigned to four experimental groups (n=16), which received alcohol diluted with drinking water to the final concentrations of 6% (Group EI), 15% (Group EII) or 25% (Group EIII). The control group (Group C) received drinking water. After 90 days, the animals were subjected to a surgical procedure in which a cavity (3 mm in width) was created on the left tibia. Four animals of each group were sacrificed on 10th, 20th, 40th or 60th days after the surgical procedure. The samples were processed for histological analysis, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin; and Masson tricromic. The qualitative histological analysis showed that the amount of bone neoformation was inversely proportional to the alcohol concentration. It may be concluded that the schemes of alcohol consumption at the concentrations used in the present study (6%, 15% e 25%) led to a decrease in osseous neoformation in all analyzed periods, resulting in delay on the healing process.

Transmigration of mandibular second premolar in a patient with cleft lip and palate: case report

Disturbances involving abnormalities in tooth eruption are named ectopia. Transmigration is the name assigned to ectopia in the presence of teeth in areas distant from the alveolar process. Initial angulation of the tooth bud of the second premolar and premature loss of permanent mandibular 1st molars can influence the distal migration of the second premolar. Some studies have observed that ectopic teeth can be found in a variety of places around the oral cavity and also in other areas of the human body. There are records of teeth in the maxillary sinus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, mandibular angle, orbit, palate, mentum and also the skin. The prevalence of tooth abnormalities is higher in children with cleft lip and palate compared to children without clefts. This paper presents a case report of migration of the mandibular left second premolar in a patient attending the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies of the University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Brazil. Migration of the mandibular left 2nd premolar was confirmed by 8 panoramic and 1 periapical radiographs obtained during patient's treatment between 1978 and 2002, which were available in the files of the Department of Dental Radiology of HRAC/USP. It can be assumed that distal migration of the mandibular left 2nd premolar is not associated with presence of cleft lip and palate; observation of these two events in a same patient is rare, since no similar reported cases were found in the literature.

Histomorfometria da glândula submandibular de rato (Rattus novergicus) submetidos à dieta alcoólica – Parte II / Morphometric evaluation of submandibular gland of rat (Rattus Novergicus) submited to the alcohol diet – Part II

A literatura mostra que o alcoolismo é um dos maiores problemas médicos e sociais de quase todas as sociedadesneste século, e que ele produz alterações na cavidade oral, por isso pensou-se em realizar este trabalho para observar, histomorfométricamente, se esta substância produz alterações nas glândulas submandibulares de ratos. Para isso foram utilizados 15 ratos machos adultos, que foram divididos em três grupos de cinco animais cada um. Grupo Controle (GC), os animais receberam água e ração “ad libitum”; Grupo Alcoolizado (GA), os animais receberam uma mistura de água eálcool numa concentração de 25%; e Grupo Isocalórico (GI), onde os animais receberam uma solução de água e sacarose, com a mesma quantidade de calorias que os animais do grupo alcoolizado. Após 120 dias, de tratamento os animais foram eutanaziados e tiveram suas glândulas submandibulares removidas bilateralmente para análise histomorfométrica. Os resultados mostraram que nos animais do grupo GA ocorreu: menor crescimento na área dos ácinos seromucosos e seus núcleos; e maior crescimento nas áreas nos ductos granulares e estriados. Baseado nestes dados pode-se concluir que o álcool altera a morfologia das estruturas das glândulas submandibulares de ratos.

The literature shows that alcoholism is the one of the most medical and a social problem of almost all society in this century, and that it produces alterations in the oral cavity. Therefore it was thought about carrying through this work to observe under morphological criteria, if this substance produces alterations in the rat submandibullary glands. For that purpose, 3 groups were used (5 rats in each group): control group (CG) received water and food “ad libitum”; alcoholic group (AG) received the solution containing water and 25% alcohol; and isocaloric group (IG) received a solution containing water and sucrose, with the same amount of calories as the animals in the alcoholic group. After 120 days of treatmentthe animals were sacrificed and had its submandibullary glands removed bilaterally for histomorphometric analysis. The results indicated that in the animals of group GA there was reduction in the area and nuclei of the seromucous acini. On the other hand, there was an enlargement in the area of the granular and striated ducts. Based in these data it can be concluded that the alcohol alters the morphology of the structures of the submandibullary glands of the rats.

Recuperação funcional do nervo ciático reparado pela cola de fibrina / Functional recovery of the repaired ciatic nerve by the fibrin glue

As moléculas de adesão celular vem sendo utilizadas na coaptação de nervos lesados como alternativa a consagrada neurorrafia, entretanto, faltam estudos experimentais definitivos em relação às duas técnicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a recuperação funcional do nervo ciático reparado pela cola de fibrina, por meio de contrações indiretas isoladas aplicadas ao complexo mioneural, nervo ciático - músculo extensor longo dos dedos (EDL). Foram utilizados 16 ratos Wistar divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC), que não sofreu nenhuma lesão e grupo cola (GCL) que teve o nervo ciático lesado e reparado pela cola. Após 10 semanas o complexo mioneural foi coletado para estímulo. O músculo EDL nos animais do GCL respondeu com contrações frente ao estímulo de seu nervo motor. Mesmo com amplitude maior do que o GC, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Nervos reparados pela cola são capazes de conduzir impulsos nervosos até o músculo esquelético.

The molecules of cellular adhesion are been used for the coaptation of injured nerves as an alternative of the well know neurorrhaphy, however, there are still missing experimental studies of these two techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional recovery of the sciatic nerve repaired by the fibrin glue, by the means of isolated indirect contractions applied to the myoneural complex, sciatic nerve - extensor muscle of the long fingers (EMLF). Sixteen Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control group (CG), that didn't have any lesion and the glue group (GG) that had their sciatic nerve injured and repaired with the glue. After 10 weeks, the myoneural complex was collected for the stimulus. The EMLF of the animals of the GG responded with contractions after the stimulus of the motor nerve. Even with greater amplitude than the CG, there wasn't any significant statistical result. Nerves repaired with glue are capable to conduct nerve impulses to the skeletal muscle.

Apoptosis in Denervated Skeletal Muscle / Apoptosis en Músculo Estriado Desnervado

The apoptosis phenomenon happens in normal tissues and in many pathological conditions as described by several researchers. Most studied in the 70s, this phenomenon remained almost forgotten in the 90s, when, with the advent of more advanced techniques, returned to laboratories. Thus, electronic microscopy, Comet Assays and histochemistry techniques, among others, were utilized in an effort to elucidate in a thorough way, the mechanisms that lead the cell to "suicide". No one can deny the importance of the knowledge of such phenomenon, so as to control its induction or blocking in the treatment of pathologies such as cancer. In this work, the apoptosis study was aimed at denervated muscles in different periods. Furthermore, two types of skeletal striated muscles were compared: the one called red muscle (soleo) which is resistant to fatigue, having a slow contraction, and the one named white muscle (EDL) of precocious fatigue and fast contraction. Previoulsy carried out in the techniques mentioned above, this work has been accomplished using the TUNEL technique, which is most accepted in the identification of apoptosis. It was demonstrated that this phenomenon takes place in a more marked way, in the beginning of the denervation process. In addition, it was observed that the red muscle responds more intensely to denervation than the white muscle. One can infer that the removal of the main cell function, the contraction, in the case of the skeletal striated muscle, triggers the chain reactions that culminate in apoptosis. Other projects are in process using mutant animals aiming at studying degenerative muscular illnesses and correlating them with denervation.

El fenómeno apoptosis ocurre en tejidos normales y en muchas condiciones patológicas, de acuerdo a lo relatado en varios trabajos. El estudio de este fenómeno tuvo su apogeo en la década del 70, permaneciendo en el olvido hasta la década del 90, momento en el cual comienzan a surgir técnicas más avanzadas, que motivaron su retorno a laboratorios de todo el mundo. Así, técnicas de microscopía electrónica, histoquímica, ensayos cometa, etc., fueron utilizados en los esfuerzos de elucidar de forma más profunda los mecanismos que conllevan a la célula al "suicidio". No se puede negar la importancia del conocimiento de ese fenómeno o, más específicamente, del control de su inducción o bloqueo para el tratamiento de patologías como el cáncer, por ejemplo. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo el estudio de apoptosis en músculo inervados, por diferentes periodos. También fueron comparados dos tipos de músculo estriado, el llamado músculo rojo (m. soleo), resistente a la fatiga y de contracción lenta, un músculo blanco (m. EDL) de fatiga precoz y contracción rápida. Este trabajo hace parte de un proyecto mayor ya desarrollado por sus ejecutores, sólo que utilizando la técnica del TUNEL como herramienta principal para identificar la apoptosis. Fue demostrado que tal fenómeno ocurre de forma más acentuada en los momentos iniciales de la desnervación. Además de eso, fue observado que el músculo rojo responde de manera más intensa a la desnervación. Nos parece inferir que la retirada de la principal función celular, en el caso del músculo estriado, la contracción despierta un mecanismo cuya reacción en cadena culmina en apoptosis. Otros proyectos están siendo elaborados con el propósito de utilizar animales mutantes, para estudiar enfermedades musculares degenerativas y correlacionarlas a la desnervación.

Biocompatibility of anionic collagen matrices and its influence on the orientation of cellular growth / Biocompatibilidade de matrizes de colágeno aniônico e sua influência na orientação do crescimento celular

This study aimed to analyze the biocompatibility of anionic collagen matrices, the local bone response following implantation in surgically-created bone defects, and also the influence of the collagen fiber orientation on the neoformed osseous tissue. Seventy two rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: Group 1 (control), without implants; Group 2, pericardium medullar implants 12 hours; Group 3, medullar implants of tendon 24 hours, with the long axis of collagen fibers oriented parallel to the long axis of the tibia; and Group 4, medullar implants of tendon 24 hours, with the long axis of collagen fibers perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia. After the experimental surgery, the evolution of the repair process was microscopically evaluated at 7, 15, and 30 days post-surgery. The results demonstrated that the implanted matrices are biocompatible and act as a scaffold inducing bone formation, mainly in the Group 4 animals. At first, cellularity follows the arrangement of collagen fibers, later obtaining a multidirectional growth.

Este estudo apresentou como objetivo, examinar a biocompatibilidade de matrizes de colágeno aniônico, sua respostaóssea local após implantação em defeitos ósseos criados cirurgicamente e a influência da orientação das fibras colágenasno tecido ósseo neoformado. Foram utilizados 72 ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus) divididos em 4 grupos experimentaisde 6 animais cada: Grupo 1 (Controle), sem implante; Grupo 2, implante medular de pericárdio 12 horas; Grupo 3,implante medular de tendão 24 horas, com o maior eixo de suas fibras colágenas direcionados paralelamente ao maioreixo da tíbia e, Grupo 4, implante medular de tendão 24 horas, com o maior eixo de suas fibras colágenas direcionados perpendicularmente ao maior eixo da tíbia. A evolução do processo de reparo, após a cirurgia experimental, foi avaliada microscopicamente com 7, 15 e 30 dias pós-operatórios. Os resultados demonstraram que as matrizes implantadas são biocompatíveis e funcionam como uma matriz tridimensional induzindo a formação de osso, maior no grupo 4. A celularidade, inicialmente, acompanha o arranjo das fibras colágenas, adquirindo um arranjo multidirecional crescente.

Regeneração de nervo periférico por meio da coaptação com cola de fibrina / Regeneration of peripheral nerve by using coaptation with fibrin glue

Vários trabalhos têm sido realizados nas últimas décadas, com intuito de se obter uma técnica de reparo em lesões de nervos periféricos que traga como resultado uma melhor recuperação funcional das estruturas inervadas por tais nervos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficácia da coaptação com cola de fibrina derivada do veneno de serpente no reparo de lesões no nervo fibular. Foram utilizados dez ratos Wistar, que tiveram o nervo fibular esquerdo seccionado e reparado imediatamente pela cola e o nervo fibular direito serviu como controle. Após dez semanas, o nervo fibular foi coletado para análise morfológica. Pode-se observar nos nervos reparados pela cola fibras nervosas mielínicas e amielínicas regeneradas, com grande quantidade de tecido conjuntivo no meio extracelular. A coaptação nervosa pelo uso da cola de fibrina regenerou o nervo fibular lesado. Entretanto, o padrão morfológico da regeneração foi inferior quando comparado com o nervo fibular sem lesão.

Many advances in the last decades have attempted to obtain a repair technique for lesions of peripheral nerves that results in better functional recovery of the structures innervated of such nerves. The main objective of this work is to compare the effectiveness of the coaptation with fibrin glue, derived from snake poison, in the repair of the peroneal nerve. Ten Wistar rats had their left peroneal nerve sectioned and repaired immediately with the glue, the right nerve serving as control. After ten weeks the peroneal nerve was collected for morphological analysis. In the nerves that were repaired with the glue, there were myelinated and unmyelinated regenerated nerve fibers, with a great amount of conjunctive tissue in the extracellular space. The nerve coaptation by the use of fibrin glue regenerated the lesion in the peroneal nerve, however the morphological pattern of the regeneration was compared to the peroneal nerve without lesion.

Apoptosis in long-term denervated rat skeletal muscle

Apoptosis occurs in normal tissues and in many pathological conditions, and is regulated by a variety of genes. In this work, we used electron microscopy and the comet assay to study the morphological and biochemical (DNA cleavage) changes associated with apoptosis in long-term denervated rat skeletal muscle. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, i.p.), and the sciatic nerve was cut at mid-thigh level followed by the excision of a 5-10 mm long segment of the nerve. Rats that were studied more than four months after the operation were re-operated at least every three months. Samples were obtained from red (soleus) and white (extensor digitorum longus, EDL) striated skeletal muscle at different times after denervation. The ultrastructural changes associated with fiber atrophy appeared earlier and were more evident in red than in white muscle. Degenerated fibers frequently contained normal and altered (ghost-like) nuclei, which suggested repair by satellite cells. Apoptotic nuclei were seen in both muscles. There were no differences in the ultrastructural alterations associated with apoptosis in red and white muscles at any stage after denervation. Apoptosis was also confirmed by the comet assay, which showed the presence of many apoptotic cells, but revealed no significant difference between the two muscle types. Overall, these results suggest that the long-term denervation of red and white skeletal muscles causes atrophy and apoptosis, with the latter probably being responsible for the muscle fiber loss after long-term denervation.